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<title>Perry</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Perry</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the alcoholic beverage. For other uses, see <a href="Perry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Perry (disambiguation)">Perry (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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<p><b>Perry</b> or <b>pear cider</b> is an <a href="Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverage</a> made from <a href="Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermented</a> <a href="Pear" title="Pear">pears</a>, traditionally in <a href="England" title="England">England</a> (particularly <a href="Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, <a href="Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>, and <a href="Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>), parts of <a href="South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>, <a href="France" title="France">France</a> (especially <a href="Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and <a href="Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a>), <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is growing interest in artisanal perry production in the fruit-growing regions of the northwest United States. Perry typically has an alcohol content ranging from 5% to 9% ABV.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruit">Fruit</h3></div>

<p>The pears used to make perry are typically not the large, sweet varieties eaten as fresh fruit. Perry pears tend to be small and relatively <span class="nowrap">bitter — </span>the distinction between table pears and perry pears is similar to the distinction between table apples and cider apples. Perry pears are thought to be descended from wild hybrids, known as <i>wildings</i>, between the cultivated pear <i><a href="Pyrus_communis" title="Pyrus communis">Pyrus communis</a></i> subsp. <i>communis</i> and the now-rare wild pear <a href="Pyrus_pyraster" title="Pyrus pyraster"><i>Pyrus communis</i> subsp. <i>pyraster</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultivated pear <i>P. communis</i> was brought to northern Europe by the Romans. In the fourth century CE <a href="Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a> referred to perry as <i>piracium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild pear hybrids were, over time, selected locally for desirable qualities, and, by the 1800s, many regional varieties had been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>The majority of perry pear varieties in the UK originate from the counties of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire in the West Midlands; perry from these counties made from traditional recipes now forms a <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <a href="Protected_Geographical_Indication" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected Geographical Indication">Protected Geographical Indication</a>. Of these perry pear varieties, most originate in parishes around <a href="May_Hill%2C_Gloucestershire" title="May Hill, Gloucestershire">May Hill</a> on the Gloucestershire/Herefordshire border.<sup id="cite_ref-gog_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gog-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard reference work on perry pears was published in 1963 by the <a href="Long_Ashton_Research_Station" title="Long Ashton Research Station">Long Ashton Research Station</a>; since then, many varieties have become critically endangered or lost. Over 100 varieties, known by over 200 local names, were in Gloucestershire alone.<sup id="cite_ref-ppm_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These local pears are particularly known for their picturesque names, such as the various "Huffcap" varieties ('Hendre Huffcap', 'Red Huffcap', 'Black Huffcap', all having an elliptical shape), those named for the effects of their product ('Merrylegs', 'Mumblehead'), pears commemorating an individual ('<a href="Stinking_Bishop_pear" class="mw-redirect" title="Stinking Bishop pear">Stinking Bishop</a>', named for the man who first grew it, or 'Judge Amphlett', named for <a href="Assizes_(England_and_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assizes (England and Wales)">Assizes</a> court judge Richard Amphlett), or those named for the place they grew ('<a href="Hartpury" title="Hartpury">Hartpury</a> Green', '<a href="Bosbury" title="Bosbury">Bosbury</a> Scarlet', '<a href="Bartestree" title="Bartestree">Bartestree</a> Squash'). The perry makers of Normandy grew their own distinctive varieties such as <i>Plant de Blanc</i>, <i>Antricotin</i> and <i>Fausset</i>; the perry of <a href="Domfront%2C_Orne" title="Domfront, Orne">Domfront</a>, which has been recognised with <a href="Appellation_d'origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">AOC</a> status since 2002 and PDO status since 2006, must be made with a minimum of 40% <i>Plant de Blanc</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-domfront_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-domfront-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Pear <a href="Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> used for perry-making tend to be small in size, turbinate or pyriform in shape, and too astringent for culinary use.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific perry pear cultivars are regularly used to make single-variety perries; this was formerly the usual practice in traditional perry making, meaning that in the past, each parish would have produced its own characteristic and distinctive perries due to the very restricted distribution of many varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-luckwill27_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luckwill27-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blended perries, made from the juices of several varieties, were traditionally disregarded as they tended to throw a haze, though in modern commercial production, this is overcome with filtration and use of a centrifuge.

</p><p>Good perry pears should have higher concentrations of <a href="Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>, acids, and other <a href="Phenols" title="Phenols">phenolic compounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the pears considered to produce consistently excellent perry include the 'Barland', 'Brandy', 'Thorn,' and 'Yellow Huffcap' cultivars.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to cider apples, perry pears have fewer volatile components and consequently fewer aromatics in the finished product.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their tannin profile is very different from that of cider apples, with a predominance of astringent over bitter flavours. They do, however, contain a high concentration of <a href="Ethyl_decadienoate" title="Ethyl decadienoate">deca-2,4-dienoate</a>, a group of esters that affords them their prominent pear aroma.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important attribute of perry pears that distinguishes them from cider apples is their relatively higher content ratio of <a href="Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">sorbitol</a> to other sugars, such as <a href="Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>. Because sorbitol is not readily fermented by <a href="Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, it is not converted to <a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, so perry tends to have more residual sugar than <a href="Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> produced from the fermentation of apples.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to producing a sweeter beverage, sorbitol also contributes to increased body and a softer mouthfeel in the finished perry.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to apples, pear pressing is made more difficult by the additional presence of specialized cells known as <a href="Sclereid" title="Sclereid">sclereids</a>, which have thick cell walls that provide extra support and strength to the pear tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this inherent perry pear attribute, the addition of enzymes and pressing aids is a commonly used practice for improving perry production.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<caption>Categories of perry pears<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</caption>

<th>Acidity %</th>

<th>Tannin %</th>

<th>Cultivars

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sweet</td>

<td>Barnet, Red Pear

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Medium Bittersharp</td>

<td>'Blakeney Red', 'Gin'

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Bittersharp</td>

<td>'Butt', 'Barland'

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Medium sharp</td>

<td>'Brandy', 'Hendre Huffcap'

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sharp</td>

<td>'Yellow Huffcap'

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchard_management_and_harvesting">Orchard management and harvesting</h3></div>

<p>While cultivation of pears has been to some extent modernised, they remain a difficult crop to grow. Perry pear trees can live to a great age, and can be fully productive for 250 years. Pear trees, both domestic and perry varieties, grow incredibly slowly, taking up to, if not over, a decade before they bear enough fruit for harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also grow to a considerable height and can have very large canopies; <a href="Holme_Lacy_Pear" title="Holme Lacy Pear">the largest recorded</a>, a tree at <a href="Holme_Lacy" title="Holme Lacy">Holme Lacy</a>, which still partly survives, covered three-quarters of an acre and yielded a crop of 5–7 tons in 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-tcppp_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcppp-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the long maturing period of pear trees, they can be difficult to manage against diseases. Their size makes it difficult to apply pesticides, which makes preventing <a href="Fire_blight" title="Fire blight">fire blight</a>, a disease caused by the bacterium <i>Erwinia amylovora</i> that pears are even more susceptible to than cider apples, quite challenging.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These difficulties, along with demand for perry pears having (until recently) taken a decline, have prompted a national collection of perry pear cultivars to be gathered, housed, and cared for at the Three Counties Agricultural Showground at Malvern in Worcestershire, to maintain genetic resources,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has now become the National Perry Pear Centre at Hartpury.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar germplasm repositories can be found at the <a href="National_Clonal_Germplasm_Repository" title="National Clonal Germplasm Repository">National Clonal Germplasm Repository</a> in Corvallis, Oregon.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Also, key differences between cider and perry production exist in the harvesting and growing processes. Perry trees famously take more time to mature than cider trees. While cider trees may come to bear fruit in three to five years, traditionally managed perry trees typically take much longer, so much so that people say that one plants "pears for your heirs".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Even when fully grown, pear trees bear less fruit than apples, which is one reason that perry is less common than cider.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When time to harvest comes, pears should be picked before they are ripe and then left to ripen indoors, while apples should be allowed to ripen on the tree.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both apples and pears suffer from <a href="Fire_blight" title="Fire blight">fire blight</a>, which can devastate entire orchards, but pears are also susceptible to pear psylla (also known as <i><a href="Psylla_pyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Psylla pyri">Psylla pyri</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These insects kill the entire pear tree and are very resistant to insecticides, making them a severe problem for pear orchards.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another added complication is that while apples are often harvested mechanically, pears must be harvested by hand, greatly increasing the time and cost of harvesting.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perry-making_technique">Perry-making technique</h3></div>

<p>Traditional perry making is broadly similar to traditional cider making, in that the fruit is picked, crushed, and pressed to extract the juice, which is then fermented using the wild yeasts found on the fruit's skin. Traditional perry making employed <a href="Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">querns</a> and a rack and cloth <a href="Fruit_press" title="Fruit press">press</a>, in which the pulp is wrapped in cloth before being squeezed with a press.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern perry production can use a <a href="Belt_filter" title="Belt filter">belt press</a>, which is much more efficient for pressing fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It works by sending the fruit down a conveyor belt, on which it is then pressed by rollers.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal differences between perry and cider production are that pears must be left for a period to mature after picking, and the <a href="Pomace" title="Pomace">pomace</a> must be left to stand after initial crushing to lose <a href="Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>, a process analogous to wine <a href="Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">maceration</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, because of the variation in hardness of the fruit, determining if a pear is ready for pressing than an apple can be more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, key chemical compositional differences occur between apples and pears; these factors play a crucial role in prefermentation and fermentation decisions for perry production.

</p>

<p>Compared to most apples, pears tend to have more sugar and total phenolic compounds. The main sugars in perry pears are <a href="Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> (192 –284 mg/L), <a href="Xylose" title="Xylose">xylose</a> (140–176 mg/g), and <a href="Galacturonic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Galacturonic acid">galacturonic acid</a> (108–118 mg/g). Types of sugar that are present in the juice play an important role in yeast activity and determine the success of fermentation. Unlike the juice of apples, pear juice contains significant quantities of unfermentable sugar alcohols, particularly sorbitol.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of sorbitol can give perry a residual sweetness, in addition to a mild laxative effect.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Pear juices contain rather low levels of amino acids, sources of nitrogen such as aspargine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After initial fermentation, many perries go through <a href="Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">malolactic fermentation</a>. On average, compared to apples, pears have higher levels of titrable acidity, most of it being citric acid. In environments with high levels of malic acid, such as grape must in winemaking, malolactic fermentation bacteria convert malic acid to lactic acid, reducing the perception of acidity and increasing complexity of flavour. However, if high levels of citric acid are present, as in pear pomace, malolactic fermentation bacteria catabolise citric acid to acetic acid and oxaloacetic acid, instead of lactic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in a floral, citrus-like aroma in the final product, lacking the diacethyl odour typical for most products that have undergone a malolactic fermentation.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The earliest known reference to fermented alcoholic drinks being made from pears is found in <a href="Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perry making seems to have become well established in what is today France following the collapse of the Roman empire; references to perry making in England do not appear before the <a href="Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a>. In the medieval period, France retained its association with pear growing, and the majority of pears consumed in England were in fact imported from France.<sup id="cite_ref-ppm_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>By the 16th and 17th centuries, however, perry making had become well established in the west of England, where the climate and soil were especially suitable for pear cultivation. In the three counties of Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, and Herefordshire in particular, as well as in <a href="Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a> across the Welsh border, perry pears grew well in conditions where <a href="Cider_apple" title="Cider apple">cider apple</a> trees would not. Smaller amounts were also produced in other cider-producing areas, such as <a href="Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>. Perry may have grown in popularity after the <a href="English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, when the large numbers of soldiers billeted in the Three Counties became acquainted with it,<sup id="cite_ref-wilson1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reached a zenith of popularity during the 18th century, when intermittent conflicts with France made the importing of wine difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-rhs_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhs-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many farms and estates had their own orchards, and many varieties of pears developed that were unique to particular parishes or villages.

</p><p>Whereas perry in England remained an overwhelmingly <a href="Dryness_(taste)" title="Dryness (taste)">dry</a>, still drink served from the cask, perry made in <a href="Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> (<i>poiré</i>) developed a bottle-fermented, sparkling style with a good deal of sweetness.<sup id="cite_ref-wpcs_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpcs-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_commercial_perries">Modern commercial perries</h3></div>

<p>The production of traditional perry began to decline during the 20th century, in part due to changing farming practices– perry pears could be difficult and labour-intensive to crop, and orchards took many years to mature. The industry was, however, to a certain degree revived by modern commercial perry-making techniques, developed by <a href="Francis_Showering" title="Francis Showering">Francis Showering</a> of the firm Showerings of <a href="Shepton_Mallet" title="Shepton Mallet">Shepton Mallet</a>, Somerset, in the creation of their sparkling branded perry <a href="Babycham" title="Babycham">Babycham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ppm_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babycham, the first mass-produced branded perry, was developed by Showering from application of the Long Ashton Institute's research, and was formerly produced from authentic perry pears, though today it is produced from third party produced concentrate, the firm's pear orchards having now been dug up.<sup id="cite_ref-tcppp_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcppp-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aimed at the female drinker at a time when wine was not commonly available in UK <a href="Pub" title="Pub">pubs</a>, Babycham was sold in miniature Champagne-style bottles; the drink was for many years a strong seller and made a fortune for the Showering family.<sup id="cite_ref-tg_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tg-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A competing brand of commercial perry, <a href="Lambrini" title="Lambrini">Lambrini</a>, was manufactured for many years in <a href="Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> by <a href="Halewood_International" title="Halewood International">Halewood International</a> and is now owned and produced since 2021 by <a href="Accolade_Wines" title="Accolade Wines">Accolade Wines</a>. The <a href="Ireland" title="Ireland">Irish</a> drinks company <a href="Cantrell_and_Cochrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantrell and Cochrane">Cantrell and Cochrane</a>, Plc, more famous for its <a href="Bulmers_(Republic_of_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulmers (Republic of Ireland)">Magners and Bulmers</a> ciders, launched a similar light perry, Ritz, in 1986.

</p><p>Like much commercial <a href="Lager" title="Lager">lager</a> and commercial cider, commercial perry is highly standardised, and today often contains large quantities of cereal <a href="Adjunct_(beer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjunct (beer)">adjuncts</a> such as <a href="Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">corn syrup</a> or <a href="Invert_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Invert sugar">invert sugar</a>. It is also generally of lower strength, and sweeter, than traditional perry, and is artificially carbonated to give a sparkling finish. Unlike traditional perry, its manufacture guarantees a consistent product; the nature of perry pears means producing traditional perry in commercial quantities is very difficult. Traditional perry was overwhelmingly a drink made on farms for home consumption, or to sell in small quantities either at the farm gate or to local inns.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_revival_of_traditional_perry">Decline and revival of traditional perry</h3></div>

<p>Both English perry making and the orchards that supplied it suffered a catastrophic decline in the second half of the 20th century as a result of changing tastes and agricultural practices (in South Gloucestershire alone, an estimated 90% of orchards were lost in the last 75 years).<sup id="cite_ref-sgc_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgc-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many pear orchards were also lost to fire blight in the 1970s and 1980s. Along with the clearing of orchards, the decline of day labouring on farms meant that the manpower that was once devoted to harvest perry pears – as well as its traditional consumers – disappeared. It also lost popularity due to makers turning to dessert or general-purpose pears in its manufacture rather than perry pears, resulting in a thin and tasteless product.<sup id="cite_ref-ppm_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, before 2007, the small amounts of traditional perry still produced were mainly consumed by people living in farming communities.

</p><p>However, perry (often marketed under the name "pear cider", see below) has increased in popularity in very recent times, with around 2.5 million British consumers purchasing it in one year.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, various organisations have been actively seeking out old perry pear trees and orchards and rediscovering lost varieties, many of which now exist only as single trees on isolated farms. For example, the Welsh Cider Society rediscovered the old Monmouthshire varieties 'Burgundy' and the 'Potato Pear', as well as a number of further types unrecorded up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-wcs2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wcs2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_controversy">Naming controversy</h2></div>

<p><b>Pear cider</b> has been adopted by some in preference to <i>perry</i> as a name for alcoholic drinks containing pear juice.<sup id="cite_ref-morningadvertiser_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morningadvertiser-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has been dated to 1995, when <a href="Brothers_Cider" title="Brothers Cider">Brothers Cider</a> found that nobody at <a href="Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury Festival</a> understood what perry was; they began telling customers that it was 'like cider, but made from pears'.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the UK the new name has caused controversy. The <a href="Campaign_for_Real_Ale" title="Campaign for Real Ale">Campaign for Real Ale</a> (CAMRA) defines perry and pear cider as different drinks, stating that 'pear cider' as made by the large industrial cidermakers is a pear-flavoured drink, or more specifically a cider-style drink flavoured with pear concentrate, whereas 'perry' should be made by traditional methods from perry pears only.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Association of Cider Makers maintain that the terms perry and pear cider are interchangeable, and its rules specify that perry or pear cider may contain no more than 25% apple juice.<sup id="cite_ref-nacm_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nacm-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-morningadvertiser_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morningadvertiser-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nacm2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nacm2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">Plum jerkum</a>, a similar plum cider from Worcestershire</li>

<li><i><a href="Umeshu" title="Umeshu">Umeshu</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Framboise" title="Framboise">Framboise</a></li>

<li><a href="Poire_Williams" title="Poire Williams">Poire Williams</a>, a fruit brandy produced by distilling perry</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Scott C.: <i>The SAGE Encyclopedia of Alcohol: Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives;</i> SAGE Publications, 2015, 1st Edition.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMerwinValoisPadilla-Zakour2008" class="citation book cs1">Merwin, Ian A.; Valois, Sarah; Padilla-Zakour, Olga I. (15 April 2008). <i>Horticultural Reviews</i>. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">365–</span>415. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470380147.ch6">10.1002/9780470380147.ch6</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780470380147</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:33-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cider.wsu.edu/perry/">"Perry | Washington State University"</a>. <i>cider.wsu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-gog-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gog_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gloucestershireorchardgroup.org.uk/varieties/pears/">Gloucestershire Orchard Group, Pears</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825173832/http://www.gloucestershireorchardgroup.org.uk/varieties/pears">Archived</a> 25 August 2010 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 08-12-2009</span>

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<li id="cite_note-ppm-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ppm_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ppm_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ppm_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ppm_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/scrumpy/cider/history2.htm">Pears and Perry Making in the UK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100218181435/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/scrumpy/cider/history2.htm">Archived</a> 18 February 2010 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 8 December 2009</span>

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<li id="cite_note-domfront-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-domfront_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poire-domfront.fr/poire-domfront/">Le Poire Domfront</a>, accessed 23-05-2018</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:02-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPostman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Postman, Joseph (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/37/2/251.full.pdf">"Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties: List 41"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>HortScience</i>. <b>37</b>: <span class="nowrap">261–</span>262. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110121131/http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/37/2/251.full.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 January 2020.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-luckwill27-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-luckwill27_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luckwill and Billard (1963) <i>Perry Pears: Produced as a Memorial to Professor B. T. P. Barker</i>. Bristol: National Fruit and Cider Institute, p.27</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:42-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/06/01/479367453/perry-craft-cider-s-pear-cousin-shines">"Raise A Glass To Perry, Craft Cider's Pear Cousin"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HortScience, vol 9, october 1974, page 423</span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HortScience, Vol. 37(2):251-272</span>

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<li id="cite_note-tcppp-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tcppp_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tcppp_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver, T. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theolivers.org.uk/SFPP_Protocol.pdf">The Three Counties & Welsh Marches Perry Presidium Protocol</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721235337/http://www.theolivers.org.uk/SFPP_Protocol.pdf">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalperrypearcentre.org.uk/">"National Perry Pear Centre - Conserving a part of our orchard heritage"</a>. <i>National Perry Pear Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602003659/http://jenny.tfrec.wsu.edu/opm/displaySpecies.php?pn=120">"Pear psylla"</a>. <i>jenny.tfrec.wsu.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jenny.tfrec.wsu.edu/opm/displaySpecies.php?pn=120">the original</a> on 2 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:5-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVerma2014" class="citation book cs1">Verma, M. K. (1 January 2014). <i>Pear Production Technology</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">249–</span>255. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789383168095</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:8-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBuglass2011" class="citation book cs1">Buglass, Alan J. (2011). <i>Handbook of Alcoholic Beverages: Technical, Analytical and Nutritional Aspects</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">240–</span>241. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-51202-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grafton, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/scrumpy/cider/perry.htm">Perry Making</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070207121437/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/scrumpy/cider/perry.htm">Archived</a> 7 February 2007 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 8 December 2009 </span>

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<li id="cite_note-:7-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciderworkshop.com/perry.html">"The Cider Workshop | Production | What's different about perry?"</a>. <i>www.ciderworkshop.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBuglass2011" class="citation book cs1">Buglass, A. J. (2011). <i>Cider and Perry</i>. CH11: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">231–</span>265.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYoshimiUeharaWatanabe1985" class="citation journal cs1">Yoshimi, Shimazu; Uehara, Mikio; Watanabe, Masazumi (1985). "Transformation of Citric Acid to Acetic Acid, Acetoin and Diacetyl by Wine Making Lactic Acid Bacteria". <i>Agricultural and Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>49</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">2147–</span>2157. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00021369.1985.10867041">10.1080/00021369.1985.10867041</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-wilson1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wilson1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, C. A. <i>Liquid Nourishment: Potable foods and stimulating drinks</i>, Edinburgh University Press, 1993, p.94</span>

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<li id="cite_note-rhs-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rhs_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhs.org.uk/RHSWebsite/files/7f/7f2b102c-f4a6-4c27-bfbb-b3b7d235bff1.pdf">Keeping It Real</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117190921/http://www.rhs.org.uk/RHSWebsite/files/7f/7f2b102c-f4a6-4c27-bfbb-b3b7d235bff1.pdf">Archived</a> 17 January 2010 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Royal Horticultural Society</span>

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<li id="cite_note-wpcs-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wpcs_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welshcider.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96&Itemid=105">Normandy, World Perry Capital</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721235433/http://www.welshcider.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96&Itemid=105">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Welsh Perry & Cider Society, accessed 8 December 2009</span>

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<li id="cite_note-tg-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tg_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131072508/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/propertyadvice/propertymarket/3334960/Prancing-to-the-tune-of-Babycham.html">Prancing to the tune of Babycham</a></i>, <a href="Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-sgc-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sgc_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southglos.gov.uk/NR/exeres/F0121B68-C8C5-4001-B521-E55500F2A957">South Gloucestershire Council – Orchards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304145442/http://www.southglos.gov.uk/NR/exeres/F0121B68-C8C5-4001-B521-E55500F2A957">Archived</a> 4 March 2010 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-BBC-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8225493.stm">"From perry to pear cider"</a>. <i>BBC news magazine</i>. 28 August 2009.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-wcs2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wcs2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welshcider.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3&Itemid=4">Welsh Cider Society</a>, accessed 8 December 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100101042243/http://www.welshcider.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3&Itemid=4">Archived</a> 1 January 2010 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-morningadvertiser-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morningadvertiser_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morningadvertiser_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHuddleston,_Nigel2008" class="citation web cs1">Huddleston, Nigel (24 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/news.ma/article/60535">"Pear Perception"</a>. Morning Advertiser<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8225493.stm">"From perry to pear cider"</a>. 28 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921143143/http://www.camra.org.uk/ciderfaq">"FAQs"</a>. CAMRA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camra.org.uk/ciderfaq">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nacm-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nacm_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pear cider ruling gives perry a timely boost</i>, <i><a href="The_Grocer" title="The Grocer">The Grocer</a></i>, 19-05-2007</span>

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<li id="cite_note-nacm2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nacm2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406040257/http://cideruk.com/cider_market/code_of_practice">"NACM Code of Practice"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cideruk.com/cider_market/code_of_practice">the original</a> on 6 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pear_cider" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Pear cider">Pear cider</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408094654/http://ukcider.co.uk/wiki/index.php/Cider_and_Perry_producers_-_full_list_arranged_by_county">Apple Cider and Perry Producers in UK</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001014506/http://www.ukcider.co.uk/wiki/index.php/Perry">Real Perry</a> on the ukcider Wiki</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12206988">Out of the Pear Orchard and Into the Glass</a> from <a href="National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zider.co.uk/index.php">Overview of making perry at home</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226062423/http://www.zider.co.uk/index.php">Archived</a> 26 February 2021 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040608143735/http://www.thethreecountiesciderandperryassociation.co.uk/index.htm">The Three Counties Cider and Perry Association</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theolivers.org.uk/HolmeLacyPerryPear.htm">The Holme Lacy Perry Pear</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134715/http://www.theolivers.org.uk/HolmeLacyPerryPear.htm">Archived</a> 22 February 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, that in 1790 was recorded as producing 5–7 tons of fruit.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Pyrus306" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pear" title="Pear"><i>Pyrus</i></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_pear_cultivars" title="List of pear cultivars">Cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abate_Fetel" title="Abate Fetel">Abate Fetel</a></li>

<li><a href="Choke_pear_(plant)" title="Choke pear (plant)">Choke pear</a></li>

<li><a href="Churchland_pear" title="Churchland pear">Churchland pear</a></li>

<li><a href="Concorde_(pear)" title="Concorde (pear)">Concorde</a></li>

<li><a href="Conference_pear" title="Conference pear">Conference pear</a></li>

<li><a href="D'Anjou" title="D'Anjou">D'Anjou</a></li>

<li><a href="Doyenn%C3%A9_du_Comice" title="Doyenné du Comice">Doyenné du Comice</a></li>

<li><a href="Harovin_Sundown" title="Harovin Sundown">Harovin Sundown</a></li>

<li><a href="Huntington_pear" title="Huntington pear">Huntington pear</a></li>

<li><a href="Le_Conte_pear" title="Le Conte pear">Le Conte pear</a></li>

<li><a href="Parsonage_pear" title="Parsonage pear">Parsonage pear</a></li>

<li><a href="P%C3%AAra_Rocha" title="Pêra Rocha">Pêra Rocha</a></li>

<li><a href="Seckel_pear" title="Seckel pear">Seckel pear</a></li>

<li><a href="Stinking_Bishop_pear" class="mw-redirect" title="Stinking Bishop pear">Stinking Bishop pear</a></li>

<li><a href="Taylor's_gold" title="Taylor's gold">Taylor's gold</a></li>

<li><a href="Warden_pear" class="mw-redirect" title="Warden pear">Warden pear</a></li>

<li><a href="Williams_pear" title="Williams pear">Williams pear</a></li>

<li><a href="Winter_Nelis_pear" title="Winter Nelis pear">Winter Nelis pear</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Pyrus_anatolica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrus anatolica">P. anatolica</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_armeniacifolia" title="Pyrus armeniacifolia">P. armeniacifolia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_boissieriana" title="Pyrus boissieriana">P. boissieriana</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_bourgaeana" title="Pyrus bourgaeana">P. bourgaeana</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_calleryana" title="Pyrus calleryana">P. calleryana</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_communis" title="Pyrus communis">P. communis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_cordata" title="Pyrus cordata">P. cordata</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_elaeagrifolia" title="Pyrus elaeagrifolia">P. elaeagrifolia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_hakkiarica" title="Pyrus hakkiarica">P. hakkiarica</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_korshinskyi" title="Pyrus korshinskyi">P. korshinskyi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_nivalis" title="Pyrus nivalis">P. nivalis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_oxyprion" title="Pyrus oxyprion">P. oxyprion</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_pashia" title="Pyrus pashia">P. pashia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_pyraster" title="Pyrus pyraster">P. pyraster</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_pyrifolia" title="Pyrus pyrifolia">P. pyrifolia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_salicifolia" title="Pyrus salicifolia">P. salicifolia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_serikensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrus serikensis">P. serikensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_spinosa" title="Pyrus spinosa">P. spinosa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_syriaca" title="Pyrus syriaca">P. syriaca</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_ussuriensis" title="Pyrus ussuriensis">P. ussuriensis</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural hybrids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Pyrus_%C3%97_bretschneideri" title="Pyrus × bretschneideri">Pyrus × bretschneideri</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pyrus_%C3%97_sinkiangensis" title="Pyrus × sinkiangensis">Pyrus × sinkiangensis</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Herefordshire_Pomona" title="Herefordshire Pomona">Herefordshire Pomona</a></i></li>

<li><a href="List_of_pear_diseases" title="List of pear diseases">List of pear diseases</a></li>

<li><a href="Tottori_Nijisseiki_Pear_Museum" title="Tottori Nijisseiki Pear Museum">Tottori Nijisseiki Pear Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Apple_and_Pear_Association" title="World Apple and Pear Association">World Apple and Pear Association</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pears" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Pears">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_cuisine166" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="French_cuisine166" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%C3%89cole_des_trois_gourmandes" title="École des trois gourmandes">École des trois gourmandes</a></li>

<li><a href="Les_Halles" title="Les Halles">Les Halles</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval cuisine</a></li>

<li><a href="Three_Emperors_Dinner" title="Three Emperors Dinner">Three Emperors Dinner</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_French_dishes" title="List of French dishes">Dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alicot" title="Alicot">Alicot</a></li>

<li><a href="Aligot" title="Aligot">Aligot</a></li>

<li><a href="Brandade" title="Brandade">Brandade</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeuf_%C3%A0_la_mode" title="Boeuf à la mode">Boeuf à la mode</a></li>

<li><a href="Cassoulet" title="Cassoulet">Cassoulet</a></li>

<li><a href="Cordon_bleu_(dish)" title="Cordon bleu (dish)">Cordon bleu</a></li>

<li><a href="Cholent" title="Cholent">Cholent</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicken_chasseur" title="Chicken chasseur">Chicken chasseur</a></li>

<li><a href="Croque_monsieur" title="Croque monsieur">Croque monsieur</a></li>

<li><a href="Duchess_potatoes" title="Duchess potatoes">Duchess potatoes</a></li>

<li><a href="Duck_%C3%A0_l'orange" title="Duck à l'orange">Duck à l'orange</a></li>

<li><a href="Duck_confit" title="Duck confit">Duck confit</a></li>

<li><a href="Flamiche" title="Flamiche">Flamiche</a></li>

<li><a href="Fondant_potatoes" title="Fondant potatoes">Fondant potatoes</a></li>

<li><a href="French_tacos" title="French tacos">French tacos</a></li>

<li><a href="Hare_%C3%A0_la_royale" title="Hare à la royale">Hare à la royale</a></li>

<li><a href="Jambon-beurre" title="Jambon-beurre">Jambon-beurre</a></li>

<li><a href="Matelote" title="Matelote">Matelote</a></li>

<li><a href="Meringue" title="Meringue">Meringue</a></li>

<li><a href="Moules-frites" title="Moules-frites">Moules-frites</a></li>

<li><a href="Nougat" title="Nougat">Nougat</a></li>

<li><a href="Onion_soup" title="Onion soup">Onion soup</a></li>

<li><a href="Patranque" title="Patranque">Patranque</a></li>

<li><a href="Peach_Melba" title="Peach Melba">Peach Melba</a></li>

<li><a href="Pigeon_pie" title="Pigeon pie">Pigeon pie</a></li>

<li><a href="Pommes_dauphine" title="Pommes dauphine">Pommes dauphine</a></li>

<li><a href="Potjevleesch" title="Potjevleesch">Potjevleesch</a></li>

<li><a href="Praline_(nut_confection)" title="Praline (nut confection)">Praline</a></li>

<li><a href="Pr%C3%A9fou" title="Préfou">Préfou</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressed_duck" title="Pressed duck">Pressed duck</a></li>

<li><a href="Quenelle" title="Quenelle">Quenelle</a></li>

<li><a href="Ragout" title="Ragout">Ragout</a></li>

<li><a href="Ratatouille" title="Ratatouille">Ratatouille</a></li>

<li><a href="Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li>

<li><a href="Roulade" title="Roulade">Roulade</a></li>

<li><a href="Salade_cauchoise" title="Salade cauchoise">Salade cauchoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Salade_ni%C3%A7oise" title="Salade niçoise">Salade niçoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Steak_frites" title="Steak frites">Steak frites</a></li>

<li><a href="Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Steak tartare</a></li>

<li><a href="Subric" title="Subric">Subric</a></li>

<li><a href="Sugar_pie" title="Sugar pie">Sugar pie</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarte_%C3%A0_l'badr%C3%A9e" title="Tarte à l'badrée">Tarte à l'badrée</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarte_%C3%A0_l'oignon" title="Tarte à l'oignon">Tarte à l'oignon</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarte_aux_mirabelles" title="Tarte aux mirabelles">Tarte aux mirabelles</a></li>

<li><a href="Tartiflette" title="Tartiflette">Tartiflette</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourte_de_blettes" title="Tourte de blettes">Tourte de blettes</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripoux" title="Tripoux">Tripoux</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breads and pastries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baguette" title="Baguette">Baguette</a></li>

<li><a href="Boule_(bread)" title="Boule (bread)">Boule</a></li>

<li><a href="Bouquet_garni" title="Bouquet garni">Bouquet garni</a></li>

<li><a href="Brioche" title="Brioche">Brioche</a></li>

<li><a href="Croissant" title="Croissant">Croissant</a></li>

<li><a href="Crackling_bread" title="Crackling bread">Crackling bread</a></li>

<li><a href="Faluche_(bread)" title="Faluche (bread)">Faluche</a></li>

<li><a href="Faraoa_'ipo" title="Faraoa 'ipo">Faraoa 'ipo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ficelle" title="Ficelle">Ficelle</a></li>

<li><a href="Fou%C3%A9e" title="Fouée">Fouée</a></li>

<li><a href="Fougasse_(bread)" title="Fougasse (bread)">Fougasse</a></li>

<li><a href="Pain_aux_raisins" title="Pain aux raisins">Pain aux raisins</a></li>

<li><a href="Pain_au_chocolat" title="Pain au chocolat">Pain au chocolat</a></li>

<li><a href="Pain_d'%C3%A9pices" title="Pain d'épices">Pain d'épices</a></li>

<li><a href="Pain_de_campagne" title="Pain de campagne">Pain de campagne</a></li>

<li><a href="Pain_petri" title="Pain petri">Pain petri</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></li>

<li><a href="Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></li>

<li><a href="Armagnac" title="Armagnac">Armagnac</a></li>

<li><a href="Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></li>

<li><a href="Chouchen" title="Chouchen">Chouchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</a></li>

<li><a href="Floc_de_Gascogne" title="Floc de Gascogne">Floc de Gascogne</a></li>

<li><a href="Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pineau_des_Charentes" title="Pineau des Charentes">Pineau des Charentes</a></li>

<li><a href="Pommeau" title="Pommeau">Pommeau</a></li>

<li><a href="Ratafia" title="Ratafia">Ratafia</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhum_agricole" title="Rhum agricole">Rhum agricole</a></li>

<li><a href="Orangina" title="Orangina">Orangina</a></li>

<li><a href="Ti'_punch" title="Ti' punch">Ti' punch</a></li>

<li><a href="Vin_de_liqueur" title="Vin de liqueur">Vin de liqueur</a></li>

<li><a href="French_whisky" title="French whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ingredients and condiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%C3%80_la_zingara" title="À la zingara">À la zingara</a></li>

<li><a href="Agneau_de_pr%C3%A9-sal%C3%A9" title="Agneau de pré-salé">Agneau de pré-salé</a></li>

<li><a href="Aioli" title="Aioli">Aioli</a></li>

<li><a href="Beurre_ma%C3%AEtre_d'h%C3%B4tel" title="Beurre maître d'hôtel">Beurre maître d'hôtel</a></li>

<li><a href="Bresse_chicken" title="Bresse chicken">Bresse chicken</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardinal_sauce" title="Cardinal sauce">Cardinal sauce</a></li>

<li><a href="Calf's_liver_in_French_cuisine" title="Calf's liver in French cuisine">Calf's liver</a></li>

<li><a href="Chiboust_cream" title="Chiboust cream">Chiboust cream</a></li>

<li><a href="French_chocolate" title="French chocolate">Chocolate</a></li>

<li><a href="Confiture" title="Confiture">Confiture</a></li>

<li><a href="Dijon_mustard" title="Dijon mustard">Dijon mustard</a></li>

<li><a href="Duxelles" title="Duxelles">Duxelles</a></li>

<li><a href="French_mother_sauces" title="French mother sauces">French mother sauces</a></li>

<li><a href="Fleur_de_sel" title="Fleur de sel">Fleur de sel</a></li>

<li><a href="Fin_gras_du_M%C3%A9zenc" title="Fin gras du Mézenc">Fin gras du Mézenc</a></li>

<li><a href="Fines_herbes" title="Fines herbes">Fines herbes</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganache" title="Ganache">Ganache</a></li>

<li><a href="Gras-double" title="Gras-double">Gras-double</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbes_de_Provence" title="Herbes de Provence">Herbes de Provence</a></li>

<li><a href="Lardon" title="Lardon">Lardon</a></li>

<li><a href="Matignon_(cooking)" title="Matignon (cooking)">Matignon</a></li>

<li><a href="Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">Mayonnaise</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesclun" title="Mesclun">Mesclun</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirepoix" title="Mirepoix">Mirepoix</a></li>

<li><a href="Mojette_beans" title="Mojette beans">Mojette beans</a></li>

<li><a href="Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li>

<li><a href="Petit_sal%C3%A9" title="Petit salé">Petit salé</a></li>

<li><a href="Pissalat" title="Pissalat">Pissalat</a></li>

<li><a href="Polonaise_sauce" title="Polonaise sauce">Polonaise sauce</a></li>

<li><a href="Quatre_%C3%A9pices" title="Quatre épices">Quatre épices</a></li>

<li><a href="Remoulade" title="Remoulade">Remoulade</a></li>

<li><a href="Verjuice" title="Verjuice">Verjuice</a></li>

<li><a href="Sauce_bercy" title="Sauce bercy">Sauce bercy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sauce_P%C3%A9rigueux" title="Sauce Périgueux">Sauce Périgueux</a></li>

<li><a href="Saucisse_de_Toulouse" title="Saucisse de Toulouse">Saucisse de Toulouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li>

<li><a href="Tartar_sauce" title="Tartar sauce">Tartar sauce</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuber_melanosporum" title="Tuber melanosporum">Tuber melanosporum</a></li>

<li><a href="Vadouvan" title="Vadouvan">Vadouvan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%C3%80_la_Mar%C3%A9chale" title="À la Maréchale">À la Maréchale</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambigu_(meal)" title="Ambigu (meal)">Ambigu</a></li>

<li><a href="Amuse-bouche" title="Amuse-bouche">Amuse-bouche</a></li>

<li><a href="Baconique_meal" title="Baconique meal">Baconique meal</a></li>

<li><a href="Bistro" title="Bistro">Bistro</a></li>

<li><a href="Bouchon" title="Bouchon">Bouchon</a></li>

<li><a href="Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li>

<li><a href="Charcuterie_board" title="Charcuterie board">Charcuterie board</a></li>

<li><a href="Chocolaterie" title="Chocolaterie">Chocolaterie</a></li>

<li><a href="Confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li>

<li><a href="Confr%C3%A9rie_de_la_Cha%C3%AEne_des_R%C3%B4tisseurs" title="Confrérie de la Chaîne des Rôtisseurs">Confrérie de la Chaîne des Rôtisseurs</a></li>

<li><a href="Court-bouillon" title="Court-bouillon">Court-bouillon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuisine_bourgeoise" title="Cuisine bourgeoise">Cuisine bourgeoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuisine_minceur" title="Cuisine minceur">Cuisine minceur</a></li>

<li><a href="Degustation" title="Degustation">Degustation</a></li>

<li><a href="Entr%C3%A9e" title="Entrée">Entrée</a></li>

<li><a href="Florentine_(culinary_term)" title="Florentine (culinary term)">Florentine</a></li>

<li><a href="Garde_manger" title="Garde manger">Garde manger</a></li>

<li><a href="Gratin" title="Gratin">Gratin</a></li>

<li><a href="Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute cuisine</a></li>

<li><a href="Hors_d'oeuvre" title="Hors d'oeuvre">Hors d'oeuvre</a></li>

<li><a href="Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle cuisine</a>

<ul><li><a href="The_Ten_Commandments_of_Nouvelle_Cuisine" title="The Ten Commandments of Nouvelle Cuisine">Ten Commandments</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_brigade" title="Kitchen brigade">Kitchen brigade</a></li>

<li><a href="Salmis" title="Salmis">Salmis</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_%C3%A0_la_russe" title="Service à la russe">Service à la russe</a></li>

<li><a href="Traiteur_(culinary_profession)" title="Traiteur (culinary profession)">Traiteur</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional and ethnic cuisines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alsatian_cuisine" title="Alsatian cuisine">Alsace</a></li>

<li><a href="Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsica</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guiana</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuisine_of_Gascony" title="Cuisine of Gascony">Gascony</a></li>

<li><a href="Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitania</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuisine_and_specialties_of_Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Cuisine and specialties of Nord-Pas-de-Calais">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a></li>

<li><a href="Picardy_cuisine" title="Picardy cuisine">Picardy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Appellation_d'origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">Appellation d'origine contrôlée</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89cole_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Cuisine_Fran%C3%A7aise_-_Ferrandi" title="École Supérieure de Cuisine Française - Ferrandi">École Supérieure de Cuisine Française - Ferrandi</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89cole_Gr%C3%A9goire-Ferrandi" title="École Grégoire-Ferrandi">École Grégoire-Ferrandi</a></li>

<li><a href="Le_Cordon_Bleu" title="Le Cordon Bleu">Le Cordon Bleu</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_French_cheeses" title="List of French cheeses">List of French cheeses</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_French_restaurants" title="List of French restaurants">List of French restaurants</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_restaurants_in_Paris" title="List of restaurants in Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Michelin-starred_restaurants_in_France" title="List of Michelin-starred restaurants in France">List of Michelin-starred restaurants in France</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Michelin-starred_restaurants_in_Paris" title="List of Michelin-starred restaurants in Paris">List of Michelin-starred restaurants in Paris</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_French_soups_and_stews" title="List of French soups and stews">List of French soups and stews</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_French_desserts" title="List of French desserts">List of French desserts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian cuisine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun cuisine</a></li>

<li><a href="Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">Christmas in France</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Cuisine of Quebec</a></li>

<li><a href="French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcoholic_beverages58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alcoholic_beverages58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_and_production58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and production</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcohol_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li>

<li><a href="Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li>

<li><a href="Malting" title="Malting">Malting</a></li>

<li><a href="Lautering" title="Lautering">Lautering</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li>

<li><a href="Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Simple_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple syrup">Simple syrup</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a>

<ul><li><a href="Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fermented_drinks_by_ingredients58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Fermented drinks</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Apple

<ul><li><a href="Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Banana

<ul><li><a href="Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li>

<li><a href="Banana_wine" title="Banana wine">Banana wine</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Bignay

<ul><li><a href="Bignay_wine" title="Bignay wine">Bignay wine</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Bokbunja

<ul><li><a href="Bokbunja-ju" title="Bokbunja-ju">Bokbunja-ju</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Grape

<ul><li><a href="Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></li>

<li><a href="Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mistelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistelle">Mistelle</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscatel_de_Set%C3%BAbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscatel de Setúbal">Moscatel de Setúbal</a></li>

<li><a href="Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li>

<li><a href="Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></li>

<li><a href="White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Java plum

<ul><li><a href="Duhat_wine" title="Duhat wine">Duhat wine</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Longan

<ul><li><a href="Longan_wine" title="Longan wine">Longan wine</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Lychee

<ul><li><a href="Lychee_wine" title="Lychee wine">Lychee wine</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Pear

<li>Pineapple

<ul><li><a href="Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Plum

<ul><li><a href="Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">Plum jerkum</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Pomegranate

<ul><li><a href="Rimon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimon (wine)">Rimon</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Prickly pear

<ul><li><a href="Colonche" title="Colonche">Colonche</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Various fruits

<ul><li><a href="Conditum" title="Conditum">Conditum</a></li>

<li><a href="Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Hippocras" title="Hippocras">Hippocras</a></li>

<li><a href="Jabol" title="Jabol">Jabol</a></li>

<li><a href="Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabidh" title="Nabidh">Nabidh</a></li>

<li><a href="Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li>

<li><a href="Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Barley

<ul><li><a href="Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Corn

<ul><li><a href="Mageu" title="Mageu">Mageu</a></li>

<li><a href="Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></li>

<li><a href="Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></li>

<li><a href="Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Millet

<ul><li><a href="Oshikundu" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Rice

<ul><li><a href="Agkud" title="Agkud">Agkud</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li>

<li><a href="Beopju" title="Beopju">Beopju</a></li>

<li><a href="Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuak" title="Chuak">Chuak</a></li>

<li><a href="Dansul" title="Dansul">Dansul</a></li>

<li><a href="Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></li>

<li><a href="Hariya" title="Hariya">Hariya</a></li>

<li><a href="Makgeolli" title="Makgeolli">Makgeolli</a></li>

<li><a href="Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li>

<li><a href="Pangasi" title="Pangasi">Pangasi</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxing wine</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonti_(rice_drink)" title="Sonti (rice drink)">Sonti</a></li>

<li><a href="Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></li>

<li><a href="Tapuy" title="Tapuy">Tapuy</a></li>

<li>Rye

<ul><li><a href="Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Sorghum

<ul><li><a href="Pendh%C4%81" title="Pendhā">Pendhā</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Multiple grains

<li><a href="Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Agave americana</i>

<ul><li><a href="Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Coconut and other palms

<ul><li><a href="Bahalina" title="Bahalina">Bahalina</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuhak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhak">Tuhak</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunggang">Tunggang</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Dairy

<ul><li><a href="Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Ginger

<ul><li><a href="Ginger_wine" title="Ginger wine">Ginger wine</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Galangal

<ul><li><a href="Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Honey

<li><a href="Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li>

<li><a href="Kabarawan" title="Kabarawan">Kabarawan</a></li>

<li>Sugar

<ul><li><a href="Kilju" title="Kilju">Kilju</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Sugarcane or molasses

<li><a href="Intus" title="Intus">Intus</a></li>

<li><a href="Palek" title="Palek">Palek</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Tea

<ul><li><a href="Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li>

<li><a href="Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Various starches

<ul><li><a href="Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li>

<li><a href="Parakari" title="Parakari">Parakari</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibwatu">Ibwatu</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liquors_by_ingredients58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquors</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Apple

<ul><li><a href="Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li>

<li><a href="Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Cashew apple

<li>Cherry

<ul><li><a href="Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Dates

<ul><li><a href="Araqi_(drink)" title="Araqi (drink)">Araqi</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Fig

<ul><li><a href="Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Grape

<li><a href="Armagnac_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</a></li>

<li><a href="Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></li>

<li><a href="Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a></li>

<li><a href="Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Juniper

<li>Plum

<ul><li><a href="Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a></li>

<li><a href="%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></li>

<li><a href="Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></li>

<li><a href="Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a></li>

<li><a href="Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Various fruits

<ul><li><a href="Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li>

<li><a href="Geist_(liquor)" title="Geist (liquor)">Geist</a></li>

<li><a href="Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</a></li>

<li><a href="Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</a></li>

<li><a href="Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></li>

<li><a href="P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</a></li>

<li><a href="Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Schnaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnaps">Schnaps</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li>Barley

<ul><li><a href="Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li>

<li><a href="Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Beer

<ul><li><a href="Bierbrand" title="Bierbrand">Bierbrand</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Buckwheat

<ul><li><a href="Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Maize

<ul><li><a href="Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li>

<li><a href="Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></li>

<li><a href="Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Rice

<ul><li><a href="Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</a></li>

<li><a href="Cholai" title="Cholai">Cholai</a></li>

<li><a href="Lihing" title="Lihing">Lihing</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixiang_Baijiu" title="Mixiang Baijiu">Mixiang Baijiu</a></li>

<li><a href="Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Rye

<li><a href="Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a></li>

<li><a href="Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Sorghum

<ul><li><a href="Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="Kaoliang_liquor" title="Kaoliang liquor">Kaoliang liquor</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li>Multiple grains

<li><a href="American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></li>

<li><a href="Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></li>

<li><a href="Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li>

<li><a href="Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Coconut and other palms

<ul><li><a href="Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a></li>

<li><a href="Laksoy" title="Laksoy">Laksoy</a></li>

<li><a href="Lambanog" title="Lambanog">Lambanog</a></li>

<li><a href="Sotol" title="Sotol">Sotol</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Dairy

<ul><li><a href="Arkhi" title="Arkhi">Arkhi</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Maple syrup

<ul><li><a href="Acerum" title="Acerum">Acerum</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Sugarcane or molasses

<ul><li><a href="Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li>

<li><a href="Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></li>

<li><a href="Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</a></li>

<li><a href="Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</a></li>

<li><a href="Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li>

<li><a href="Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Various starches

<ul><li><a href="Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li>

<li><a href="Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangla_(drink)" title="Bangla (drink)">Bangla</a></li>

<li><a href="Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</a></li>

<li><a href="Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li>

<li><a href="Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li>

<li><a href="Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</a> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Almond

<ul><li><a href="Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></li>

<li><a href="Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crème de Noyaux">Crème de Noyaux</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Anise

<ul><li><a href="Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></li>

<li><a href="Anisado" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado">Anisado</a>

<ul><li><ul><li><a href="Anisado_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado Mallorca">Anisado Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anisette" title="Anisette">Anisette</a></li>

<li><a href="Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</a>

<ul><li><ul><li><a href="Hierbas_de_Mallorca" title="Hierbas de Mallorca">Hierbas de Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a></li>

<li><a href="Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Beer

<ul><li><a href="Bierlik%C3%B6r" title="Bierlikör">Bierlikör</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Blackthorn shrub

<ul><li><a href="Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Cherry

<ul><li><a href="Cherry_Heering" title="Cherry Heering">Cherry Heering</a></li>

<li><a href="Maraschino" title="Maraschino">Maraschino</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Chili peppers

<ul><li><a href="Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Chocolate

<ul><li><a href="Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Cinnamon

<ul><li><a href="Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Coconut

<ul><li><a href="Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Coffee

<ul><li><a href="Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Cream

<ul><li><a href="Cream_liqueur" title="Cream liqueur">Cream liqueur</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Irish cream</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Egg

<ul><li><a href="Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a></li>

<li><a href="Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Hazelnut

<ul><li><a href="Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Herbs

<ul><li><a href="Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</a></li>

<li><a href="B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a></li>

<li><a href="Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">Brennivín</a></li>

<li><a href="Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">Crème de menthe</a></li>

<li><a href="Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicum" title="Unicum">Unicum</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Honey

<ul><li><a href="B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenjäger</a></li>

<li><a href="Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a></li>

<li><a href="Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Irish Mist</a></li>

<li><a href="Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Juniper

<ul><li><a href="Borovi%C4%8Dka" title="Borovička">Borovička</a></li>

<li><a href="Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Mammee apple flower

<ul><li><a href="Eau_cr%C3%A9ole" class="mw-redirect" title="Eau créole">Eau créole</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Orange

<ul><li><a href="Cointreau" title="Cointreau">Cointreau</a></li>

<li><a href="Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</a></li>

<li><a href="Grand_Marnier" title="Grand Marnier">Grand Marnier</a></li>

<li><a href="Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Star anise

<ul><li><a href="Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Sugarcane/molasses

<ul><li><a href="Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Vanilla

<ul><li><a href="Licor_43" title="Licor 43">Licor 43</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Various fruits

<ul><li><a href="Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></li>

<li><a href="Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crème de banane">Crème de banane</a></li>

<li><a href="Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</a></li>

<li><a href="Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></li>

<li><a href="Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a></li>

<li>Walnut

<ul><li><a href="Nocino" title="Nocino">Nocino</a></li></ul></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Perry&oldid=1299055205">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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